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I, me, to me.

Pronouns change with the case.

ich does the action.

mich receives it.

mir gets something given.

Like articles, personal pronouns have a nominative, an accusative and a dative form. English has only two (“I” and “me”); German has three.

NominativeAccusativeDative
ichmichmir
dudichdir
erihnihm
siesieihr
esesihm
wirunsuns
ihreucheuch
sie, Siesie, Sieihnen, Ihnen

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Er gibt mir das Buch und ich lese es.

He gives me the book and I read it.يعطيني الكتاب وأقرؤه.

Er

Nominative: he does it.

gibt

The verb.

mir

Dative: to me.

das Buch

Accusative: the thing given.

und ich

A new subject, in the nominative.

lese

The verb.

es.

Accusative of es: it looks the same.

du is for friends, family and children; Sie for adults you don't know, at work and in offices. When unsure, use Sie and wait for the other person to offer du.

Ich liebe dich.I love you.أحبك.

Kannst du mir helfen?Can you help me?هل يمكنك مساعدتي؟

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Which case?

Use the accusative after für, ohne, durch, gegen, um and verbs like sehen, fragen, besuchen, anrufen. Use the dative after mit, bei, zu, von, aus, nach, seit and verbs like helfen, danken, gefallen, gehören.

Pronouns for things

er, sie, es also mean “it”, depending on the gender of the noun: Der Tisch? Er ist neu. Die Lampe? Sie ist kaputt.

Two pronouns

When both objects are pronouns, the accusative comes first: Ich gebe es dir.

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